Artsnova Digital Art and Space

Figure 1. Viking 1 Lander color view of the martian surface.
Left: Mars as NASA shows it.
Right: Mars as Hoagland and company believe it to be using Photoshop Auto Levels.

The followers of Hoagland are at it again. They are still claiming that NASA is faking the colors of Mars - giving it a reddish sky when, according to them, the martian sky is really blue.

Quoting from their article posted 01/17/2008: “NASA has deliberately altered the colors of the images to make the Martian sky appear an absurd “Technicolor red,” when in fact all the evidence clearly shows that the true color of the Martian sky is (and must be) blue - just as it is here on Earth. In fact, when we used a simple color correction tool in Photoshop called the Auto Levels tool, Mars came out looking as Carl Sagan described it after the first Viking images in 1976 - it looked like Arizona.” Note that I am not including a link to the web site as the last thing I want to do is boost their standings in the search engines.

To illustrate what they are talking about, I went to the NASA JPL Photojournal web site and downloaded the same Viking image shown in conjunction with their story - see Figure 1 above. In Photoshop I duplicated the background layer and applied the Auto Levels command to that layer. I then cropped and downsized the image for display here. The left half of Figure 1 is Mars as shown on the NASA JPL web site. The right half has had Photoshop’s auto levels applied - resulting in a lovely blue sky. But is that really what the Martian sky looks like? Hoagland and his followers would have you believe that NASA, JPL (which is staffed and managed by the California Institute of Technology) and planetary scientists around the world are all part of a vast conspiracy that does not want us to know that the martian sky is blue. And since I am here to debunk Hoagland and company’s claims, I too must be part of that conspiracy. Cool! I’ve never been part of a conspiracy before - other than that age old parental conspiracy to convince their children that there really is a Santa Claus.

What about their claim that Auto Levels is a color correction tool? From the Photoshop Help description of the Auto Levels command: “The Auto Levels command automatically adjusts the black point and white point in an image. This clips a portion of the shadows and highlights in each channel and maps the lightest and darkest pixels in each color channel to pure white (level 255) and pure black (level 0). The intermediate pixel values are redistributed proportionately. As a result, using Auto Levels increases the contrast in an image because the pixel values are expanded (as opposed to being compressed, as in lower contrast images). Because Auto Levels adjusts each color channel individually, it may remove color or introduce color casts. Auto Levels gives good results in certain images with an average distribution of pixel values that need a simple increase in contrast.“

So Auto Levels is not a color correction tool but a contrast enhancement tool that in certain situations may introduce a color cast. Note the qualifications that Auto Levels can give good results in some images and that the quality of those results is purely dependent on the distribution of pixel values. Pixel values is a reference to the luminance of a pixel - how dark or bright it is.

Back to Photoshop, lets review one more time what Auto Levels does. For each of the color channels - red, green, blue - Auto Levels takes the lightest pixel value in the channel and remaps it to white, takes the darkest pixel value and remaps it to black, and then stretches out everything in between. Now the consequence of this is that the brightest red, green, and blue pixels will now combine to form white because they have all been arbitrarily set to a value of 255.

Figure 2. Digital photograph of an Arizona sunset

Let’s take a planet Earth example. Figure 2 is a photograph of an Arizona sunset that I took. On the left is the unmodified half of the photograph and on the right is the half as altered by the Auto Levels command. Why the large difference?

Figure 3. The Photoshop histograms for the blue channel of the Arizona sunset: before and after application of the Auto Levels command.

The histogram in figure 3 reveals what happened to the image. The histogram shows the distribution of luminance values for the blue channel before and after the application of Auto Levels. As you can see Auto Levels has significantly altered the distribution of luminance in the blue channel.

Now the question is which of these two images is a more accurate reflection of reality? Since I was there taking the photograph this is an easy question to answer. Auto Levels has both lightened the image and introduced a significant blue color cast and is not an accurate reflection of the sunset that I personally witnessed.

In closing, the claim that NASA, and the rest of the planetary science community, are lying about the true color of Mars and that the Photoshop Auto Levels command provides supporting evidence is baseless and without merit.

Ad Astra, Jim

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Image of Polar Layers

At long last instrument data files from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have been added to the NASA PDS Imaging Node web site. Present is data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), Context Camera (CTX), and Mars Color Imager (MARCI). While the Context Camera has returned some great imagery, it is entirely overshadowed by the pictures captured by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment. Most impressive was a HiRISE image that showed not only the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity but the shadow from the PanCam mast. This picture can be seen on the Victoria Crater at Meridiani Planum TRA_000873_1780 page.

For those not familiar with the NASA PDS Imaging Node, this is the place to go to obtain the raw data files for various instruments from a variety of NASA planetary missions. Quoting from the news release about the addition of MRO data, “a PDS data node is designed to provide access to a particular data set during an active mission, when the data are of greatest interest” The Data Holdings Catalog page provides a full index to the data resources available. Note that as of this writing, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data has not been added to the list. However, you can bypass the PDS home page and go directly to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Online Data Volumes.

The image used to illustrate this entry (see above) is a 100 percent resolution subsection of a Context Camera image. To process the image I used Adobe Photoshop. I began by doing a dual High Pass Filter effect to sharpen the image. I then colorized the image using both a color layer and a Hue Saturation Adjustment layer, applying the two in tandem. The final step was to add a Curves Adjustment layer to increase contrast in the picture.

Some Useful Mar Reconnaissance Orbiter Links

• NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS)
• Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter web site
• MRO HiRISE camera web site
• MRO HiRISE image search tool

Ad Astra, Jim